Hwang chul soon biography of albert einstein

Abstract

PURPOSE

Non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with STK11 has inferior outcomes to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Using multiomics, we evaluated whether a subtype of STK11 NSCLC with a uniquely inflamed tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) harboring TP53 comutations could have favorable outcomes to ICIs.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

NSCLC tumors (N = 16,896) were analyzed by next-generation sequencing (DNA-Seq/592 genes). A subset (n = 5,034) underwent gene expression profiling (RNA-Seq/whole transcriptome). Exome-level neoantigen load for STK11 NSCLC was obtained from published pan-immune analysis. Tumor immune cell content was obtained from transcriptome profiles using the microenvironment cell population (MCP) counter. ICI data from POPLAR/OAK (n = 34) and the study by Rizvi et al (n = 49) were used to model progression-free survival (PFS), and a separate ICI-treated cohort (n = 53) from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) was used to assess time to treatment failure (TTF) and tumor RECIST response for STK11TP53 versus STK11TP53 NSCLC.

RESULTS

Overall, 12.6% of NSCLC tumors had a STK11 with the proportions of tumor mutational burden (TMB)-high (≥10 mut/Mb), PD-L1 ≥50%, and microsatellite instability-high being 38.3%, 11.8%, and 0.72%, respectively. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of STK11 (n = 463) for stimulator of interferon-gamma (STING) pathway genes identified a STING-high cluster, which was significantly enriched in TP53 NSCLC (P < .01). Compared with STK11TP53, tumors with STK11TP53 had higher CD8+T cells and natural killer cells (P < .01), higher TMB (P < .001) and neoantigen load (P < .001), and increased expression of MYC and HIF-1A (P < .01), along with higher expression (P < .01) of glycolysis/glutamine metabolism genes. Meta-analysis of data from OAK/POPLAR and the study by Rizvi et al showed a trend t

Wisdom of Korea (1996, January -- June)

SEOUL'S OLD RHYTHM

Last month, I spent four vacation days in New Orleans (Louisiana). As you know, New Orleans is the origin of American music or American rhythm. When I was there, there were more than 5,000 country boys and girls who came all the way from Green Bay (Wisconsin) to cheer their football team named "Green Bay Packers" (you should know this name if you lived in the U.S. for two years or longer). You could imagine how noisy or rhythmic the city was.

However, the rhythm most familiar to me was from the bottom of the New Orleans trolley car. It was coming from the air compressor for the brake system. As soon as I heard the rhythm, I looked at the driver's stand. Alas, the stand consists of the speed controller contained in an elliptic cylindrical box on the left-hand side, the air-brake valve supported by three pipes on the right hand-side, and the circuit breaker hanging between the ceiling and the front window on the left-hand side. The driver's stand was exactly like that of Seoul's trolley cars which served as wonder machines to Koreans for 60 years until 1963.

Indeed, Seoul's Electric Car meant many different things to many different Koreans. Near my high school, there were two elite girl's high schools. Thus, for me, the Electric Car was the place to watch neat-looking girls while going to school in the morning and going home in the afternoon. For mothers in the country side, their life-time dream was to make their sons the Electric Car drivers. There were many boys from the Cheju Island in the Korean Marine Corps in 1950. When they entered Seoul after repulsing Kim Il-sung's troops on September 28 (1950), they rubbed their cheeks against the walls of the Seoul Electric Cars.

Most of Seoul's Electric Cars were manufactured by Japan's Mitsubishi, and its trade mark was on the top of the speed-controller box. The Car had six doors with two irreversible trolleys. It had a co

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