Gisant clovis ii biography

Prehistoric culture in the Americas c. 11,100–10,800 BCE

The Clovis culture is an archaeological culture from the Paleoindian period of North America, spanning around 13,050 to 12,750 years Before Present (BP). The type site is Blackwater Draw locality No. 1 near Clovis, New Mexico, where stone tools were found alongside the remains of Columbian mammoths in 1929. Clovis sites have been found across North America. The most distinctive part of the Clovis culture toolkit are Clovis points, which are projectile points with a fluted, lanceolate shape. Clovis points are typically large, sometimes exceeding 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length. These points were multifunctional, also serving as cutting tools. Other stone tools used by the Clovis culture include knives, scrapers, and bifacial tools, with bone tools including beveled rods and shaft wrenches, with possible ivory points also being identified. Hides, wood, and natural fibers may also have been utilized, though no direct evidence of this has been preserved. Clovis artifacts are often found grouped together in caches where they had been stored for later retrieval, and over 20 Clovis caches have been identified.

The Clovis peoples are thought to have been highly mobile groups of hunter-gatherers. It is generally agreed that these groups were reliant on hunting big game (megafauna), having a particularly strong association with mammoths, and to a lesser extent with mastodon, gomphothere, bison, and horse, but they also consumed smaller animals and plants. The Clovis hunters may have contributed to the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions in North America, though this idea has been subject to controversy. Only one human burial has been directly associated with tools from the Clovis culture: Anzick-1, a young boy found buried in Mo

— Jörg Oberste (Regensburg)

This case study focuses on the question of how Paris acquired metropolitan significance as early as the 6th and 7th centuries through the presence of rulers and important saints, although the city did not historically occupy a prominent position among the cities of Gaul and was hardly larger than an unfortified suburb of Rome or Constantinople in the Merovingian period. In these two centuries, a close topographical and symbolic connection of residence, royal burial and veneration of saints emerged, which is constitutive for the dynamic development of Paris throughout the Middle Ages. The first all Frankish King Clovis (486-511), his wife Chrodechilde (d. 544) and their eldest son Childebert I (511-538) settled the royal memoria permanently in Paris; this was not changed by the fact that King Dagobert I (629-639) and his successors moved the royal burial place only a few kilometres outside the city to Saint-Denis. One must be clear about this: Even though Saint-Denis was a city in its own right in the Middle Ages and the royal abbey, with its privileges, always insisted strongly on its independence, Saint-Denis was always closely linked to Paris through its founding saint, the first Parisian bishop Dionysius, saint Denis. For Dagobert and his successors, Paris remained the focal point of their rule. With the tomb of saint Denis, increasingly popular in the Frankish Empire, they only added another ideological and topographical support to this symbolic capital.

Figure 1: La basilique Saint-Denis en 1844-1845. La basilique Saint-Denis en 1844-1845. La basilique Saint-Denis en 1844-1845.La basilique Saint-Denis en 1844-1845. Félix Benoist

Research has so far paid less attention to the early Merovingian period than to the later periods of Parisian history. Nevertheless, there are important findings from historiography and archaeology, the state of which was su

The Basilique cathédrale Saint-Denis, a treasure of French heritage

Many transformations took place during the first half of the 19th century. In 1809, Napoleon signed the decree for the installation of the educational center of the Legion of Honor, which is still in place today, in the old monastic buildings.

Then, in 1813, Napoleon I commissioned the architect François Debret to restore the building. A colossal project was undertaken throughout the monument: stained glass windows, facades, floors, vaults and sculptures were restored. However, the work was contested from the 1830s onwards and gave rise to controversy, culminating in the question of the north spire. On June 9, 1837, lightning struck the 90 m high spire, Debret had it repaired, but the tornado of 1845 weakened it again, which precipitated the departure of the architect and his replacement by Viollet-le-Duc.

Eugène Viollet-le-Duc tried to eliminate Debret's interventions, and then he replaced the royal tombs in their former locations. He obtains to dismount the whole of the northern tower as of 1847 in the hope of reassembling it as soon as possible, but within the framework of a very personal project!

This project will finally see the light of day in... 2024, since the tower and the north spire will be reassembled identically within the framework of a project of valorization of the trades of the heritage under the direction of the association Suivez la Flèche !

The basilica was elevated to the rank of cathedral in 1966, when the diocese and the department of Seine-Saint-Denis were created. Managed today by the Centre des monuments nationaux, the Basilique cathédrale Saint-Denis is undoubtedly a monument symbolizing the history of France!