Marshal folstein biography definition

ABSTRACT

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was created by Marshal Folstein et al. in 1975 as an instrument for brief (5–10 min) assessment of mental status in hospitalized patients. It is considered the most widely used test for standardized cognitive assessment in the clinical setting, especially with the elderly population. It has countless translations in different languages, and according to the different international (PubMed) and regional (SciELO, Redalyc, and Dialnet) scientific databases, it has been widely used by the scientific community. This article describes the historical evolution of the MMSE, highlights its evaluative properties, and provides bibliometric data on its impact on scientific publications, with a special focus on Ibero-America.

Keywords: Mental Status and Dementia Tests, History, Neuropsychology, Cognition, Latin America

RESUMO

El Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) fue creado por Marshal Folstein et al. en 1975 como un instrumento para la evaluación breve (5-10 minutos) del estado mental de pacientes hospitalizados. Se lo considera la prueba más utilizada para la evaluación cognitiva estandarizada en el ámbito clínico, especialmente con la población adulta mayor. Tiene innumerables traducciones a diferentes idiomas y de acuerdo con las diferentes bases de datos científicas internacionales (PudMed) y regionales (Scielo, Redalyc y Dialnet) se puede constatar que ha sido ampliamente utilizada por la comunidad científica. En este trabajo se describe la evolución histórica del MMSE, se destacan sus propiedades evaluativas y se indican datos bibliométricos acerca de su impacto en las publicaciones científicas, con especial énfasis en IberoAmérica.

Palabras Clave: Pruebas de Estado Mental y Demencia, Historia, Neuropsicología, Cognición, América Latina

INTRODUCTION

It has just been 45 years since the publication of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): a brief assessment of cognitive performance. The first construct

Test to measure cognitive impairment

Not to be confused with Mental status examination or Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview.

Medical diagnostic method

The mini–mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test is a 30-point questionnaire that is used extensively in clinical and research settings to measure cognitive impairment. It is commonly used in medicine and allied health to screen for dementia. It is also used to estimate the severity and progression of cognitive impairment and to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time; thus making it an effective way to document an individual's response to treatment. The MMSE's purpose has been not, on its own, to provide a diagnosis for any particular nosological entity.

Administration of the test takes between 5 and 10 minutes and examines functions including registration (repeating named prompts), attention and calculation, recall, language, ability to follow simple commands and orientation. It was originally introduced by Folstein et al. in 1975, in order to differentiate organic from functional psychiatric patients but is very similar to, or even directly incorporates, tests which were in use previous to its publication. This test is not a mental status examination. The standard MMSE form which is currently published by Psychological Assessment Resources is based on its original 1975 conceptualization, with minor subsequent modifications by the authors.

Advantages to the MMSE include requiring no specialized equipment or training for administration, and has both validity and reliability for the diagnosis and longitudinal assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Due to its short administration period and ease of use, it is

Abstract

Although education is consistently related to better cognitive performance, findings on the relationship between education and age-associated cognitive change have been conflicting. Using measures of multiple cognitive domains from four waves of the Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old study, a representative sample of Americans aged 70 years and older, the authors performed growth curve modeling to examine the relationships between education, initial cognitive score, and the rate of decline in cognitive function. More years of education were linked to better initial performance on each of the cognitive tests, and higher levels of education were linked to slower decline in mental status. However, more education was unrelated to the rate of decline in working memory, and education was associated with somewhat faster cognitive decline on measures of verbal memory. These findings highlight the role of early-life experiences not only in long-term cognitive performance but also in old-age cognitive trajectories.

Keywords: education, socioeconomic status, cognition, memory, growth curve modeling

It is well known that higher educational attainment is related to higher levels of cognitive performance in late life (Albert 1995; Schaie 1996; Wechsler 1981); however, it remains unclear whether more education slows the rate of cognitive decline over time in late life. Most longitudinal studies linking education and cognitive change in old age have found a direct relationship, such that lower education levels are associated with a greater risk for poor cognitive performance (Albert et al. 1995; Colsher and Wallace 1991; Evans et al. 1993; Farmer et al. 1995; Jacqmin-Gadda et al. 1997; Lee et al. 2003; Lysetkos, Chen, and Anthony 1999). However, some research contradicts these findings, suggesting that higher education does not protect against cognitive decline (Christensen

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Definition

The mini-mental state examination, which is also known as the MMSE, standardized MMSE, SMMSE, or the Folstein, is a brief examination consisting of eleven questions intended to evaluate an adult patient’s level of cognitive functioning. It was introduced in 1975 and designed for use with elderly patients who are unable to cooperate at an optimum level with an examiner for only a brief period of time— no more than a few minutes.

Purpose

The MMSE concentrates on the cognitive aspects of mental functioning, excluding questions about the patient’s mood or such abnormal experiences as dissociation . It is used most often to evaluate older adults for delirium or dementia . The MMSE can be used to detect a decline in cognitive function; to follow the course of the patient’s illness, and to monitor responses to treatment. Recently, it has been professionally approved as a measurement of a patient’s ability to complete an advance directive, or so-called living will.

The test has also been used in research as a screener in epidemiological studies for disorders that affect cognition, and to monitor changes in subjects’ cognition during clinical trials . In 2001 the MMSE was recommended by a special panel of experts for use as a screener in evaluating cognitive function in depressed patients. It has also been used recently to measure the effects of acupuncture in improving mood and some cognitive skills in patients with Alzheimer’s.

The MMSE evaluates six areas of cognitive function: orientation; attention; immediate recall; short-term recall; language; and the ability to follow simple verbal and written commands. In addition, it provides a total score allowing the examiner to place the patient on a scale of cognitive function. It correlates well with a standard measure of cognition in adults, the Wechs-ler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). In contras